PM2.5 (fine particulate matter)

Safety Summary

Regulatory Status

Sources

No citations are recorded specifically for the human adult context, so the record-wide source list is shown. It backs the record, not this particular band.

• IARC Monographs Volume 109 (2016) — Outdoor Air Pollution Group 1 Carcinogenic to Humans + Particulate Matter as separate Group 1 entity (sufficient evidence for lung cancer; positive association with bladder cancer) REGULATORY · 2016
• US EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5 — primary annual standard 9.0 µg/m³ (revised Feb 2024, lowered from 12.0), 24-hour 35 µg/m³ REGULATORY · 2024
• WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021 revision) — PM2.5 annual mean 5 µg/m³ recommended + 24-hour 15 µg/m³ recommended (strengthened from 2005 levels of 10 + 25) REGULATORY · 2021
• Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X et al. — An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities (canonical Six Cities cohort framework establishing PM2.5-mortality association, NEJM) STUDY · 1993
• Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ et al. — Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution (American Cancer Society cohort, JAMA — IARC-109-driving framework) STUDY · 2002
• US EPA Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Particulate Matter — Final Report, December 2019 (EPA/600/R-19/188): determined a 'likely to be causal' relationship between long-term PM2.5 exposure and lung cancer (upgraded from 'suggestive' in the 2009 PM ISA), and 'causal' relationships for cardiovascular and total mortality REGULATORY · 2019
• Supplementary Exposure Limits | NIOSH | CDC REGULATORY
• Subpart D—Occupational Health and Environmental Controls REGULATORY
• § 1910.1000 Air contaminants. REGULATORY
• WHO, WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide (2021) REGULATORY

Same data as the API response, which is open and needs no key. The full per-record source list is available to authenticated callers.